The word aristocracy as used in the title ofthis volume has no exclusive, and indeed no special reference to aclass distinguished by hereditary political privileges, by titles,or by heraldic pedigree. It here means the exceptionally gifted andefficient minority, no matter what the position in which its membersmay have been born, or what the sphere of social progress in whichtheir exceptional efficiency shows itself. I have chosen the wordaristocracy in preference to the word oligarchy because it meansnot only the rule of the few, but of the best or the most efficientof the few.
Of the various questions involved in the general argument ofthe work, many would, if they were to be examined exhaustively,demand entire treatises to themselves rather than chapters. This isspecially true of such questions as the nature of men’s congenitalinequalities, the effects of different classes of motive in producingdifferent classes of action, and the effects of equal education onunequal talents and temperaments. But the practical bearings of anargument are more readily grasped when its various parts are setforth with comparative brevity, than they are when the attentionclaimed for each is minute enough to do it justice as a separatesubject of inquiry; and it has appear